Essay on Women’s friend The Popularity of Shapewear

From ancient time through now, people always want to be a fashionable person; especially for women, because they want their bodies have a curve and they also want their bodies more fit and more shape. Each person has their view of fashion, and each country also has their types of fashion. In the western country, people think that wearing a corset is very fashionable. Between the middle of the 16th century to 18th century, women always to wear corset between a rigid quasi-cylindrical torso above their waist and heavy full skirts below to let their bodies look more gorgeous. In the ancient China, Chinese’s women think foot-binding is fashion. From the 10th century to early 20th century, most ancient Chinese women think small feet looks†¦show more content†¦According to the Fields states, â€Å"future mothers of our race (e.p 1). â€Å"Future mothers† means a woman who is pregnant. Some women insist wear corset when they are pregnant, because it’s too tig ht to their bodies.Women wearing corset when they are pregnant may cause many health risk, such as decrease in abdominal muscle, physical abnormalities, lung capacity and stomach capacity. Many doctors advised pregnant women, they had better not wear corset when they are pregnant, because that it will influence not only their own health, it also influences the child’s health. According to Esse, â€Å"Carlo Ritorni focused on the danger tight-lacing represented to womens health†¦ corsets wreaked on the internal organs and citing purported medical evidence† (e.p1). â€Å"Wreaked on the internal organs† means corsets is too tight to bodies and restrict the breathing. Because of women wear corset can possibly be laced too tightly as to decrease lung capacity and stomach capacity. The most important thing is before wearing the corset, people must choose one corset that fit their size of body, and try to let the rest of bodies take a break in each hour. Although wear corset can help people raise chest, make their bodies smooth, fit, slim and have prefer figure. Wearing shapewear can help people look slim. The feeling of slim gives many people self- confidence and it also can let people feel safe when they are wearing shapewear

Wrongful Convictions And Its Effect On Society - 6680 Words

Introduction Many of us are familiar with historical films such as â€Å"The Shawshank Redemption†, but the reality is that wrongful convictions have occurred throughout history and although less frequently, still occur today. A wrongful conviction can greatly impact an individual’s life and may continue to be an issue even after exoneration. Many people are under the impression that individuals who are wrongfully convicted and later exonerated have won the battle over the justice system, however this is rarely the case. Exonerees experience great amounts of hardship once released back into society. There are flaws in the justice system, which make it extremely difficult for exonerees to experience true freedom. Wrongful convictions occur not only in the United States, but also across the entire globe. It is a serious injustice when an innocent person is forced to experience life as a convicted felon. Causes of Wrongful Convictions â€Å"Although numerous cases of wrongful convictions have been documented in the literature and in the media, criminologists have yet to devise a methodology for estimating the extent of such errors in the criminal justice system.† (Poveda, 2001) Since DNA testing has been utilized in the justice system, wrongful convictions have become less frequent and exoneration rates have increased. â€Å"There are many factors involved when consider the causes of wrongful convictions. Eyewitness misidentification is a leading cause for wrongful convictions.† (InnocenceShow MoreRelatedVictims Of The American Criminal Justice System851 Words   |  4 Pagesnow, America has been a place where laws, crimes, and other stipulations have a cause and effect. Since America’s inception as a free land, in this land people are obligated to follow laws and orders directed by the United States Government. However, many follow the laws and become victims of the American Criminal Justice system. Hence, we have people who become victims of wrong convictions. Wrongful conviction is define as a person who is currently serving a sentence via incarceration for a crimeRead MoreThe Conviction Of A Wrongful Conviction1671 Words   |  7 Pagesdid not do. Ivan Henry is the perfect example of a victim of a wrongful conviction and how the justice system is flawed when it comes to convictions. Misconduct by the police and the Crown not disclosing important information led to Henry’ wrongful conviction. A wrongful conviction can be described as â€Å"a conviction of a person who was factually innocent† (Colvin, 2009). Also according to Colvin the leading culprits in wrongful convictions are: eyewitnesses, misidentification, investigative misconductRead MoreDeath Penalty1333 Words   |  6 Pagesconsidered to be cruel and unusual punishment brought down by the Supreme Court in 1972. That is not the case in today’s society because in 1976 the Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty did not violate any constitutional amendments as long asit is carried out in a careful and judicious manner†(ProQuest Staff, 2013). The issues surrounding the death penalty involves wrongful convictions, cost of a death sentence, and is it still effective and moral. Some say the sentence of death is not as effectiveRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System Is Fair And True1260 Words   |  6 Pagesinvestigations and prosecutorial misconduct. Our criminal justice system is based on th e concept that every wrong has a cause and effect, thus forcing us to punish any and all offenders, but with all the faults in our system how do we know who’s guilty of committing the crime? Most of the time this is when wrongful convictions occurs. A simple definition of wrongful conviction is when innocent defendants are found guilty in criminal trials. Frequently these innocent defendants are forced to go as farRead MoreEyewitness Testimony Essay1299 Words   |  6 Pagestestimony tends to be the primary focus. Many wrongful convictions have occurred due to these false eyewitness statements. According to George Vallas, in â€Å"A survey of Federal and State Standards for the Admission of Expert Testimony on the Reliability of Eyewitness,† â€Å"The central problem with corroboration is somewhat different from the issues confronted thus far; rather than endangering innocent defendants, such requirements have the potential to harm society by making it more difficu lt to convict guiltyRead MoreIdentifying Innocent People On Death Row1381 Words   |  6 Pagesof how many people on death row should truly be there and what percent are innocent. Jay D. Aronson works at Carnegie Mellon University as an Assistant Professor of Science, Technology and Society, and Simon A. Cole works at the University of California as an Assistant professor of Criminology, Law and Society. According to Jay Aronson and Simon Cole â€Å"both abolitionists and death penalty reformers, who seek to promote a ‘scientific’ death penalty centered on DNA evidence, draw upon a mythologizedRead MoreCommunity Corrections Programs Should Be Maintained Under Control Essay1476 Words   |  6 PagesCromwell, Del Carmen, 2008). This does not mean that every person will be deterred from committing future crimes, it just implies that the majority of those involved in a community corrections program will have better behavior when reintegrating to society. On the other ha nd, the inmates convicted of violent crimes are not afforded the opportunity to be part of a community corrections program; thus, more often than not, they serve the majority, if not all, of their sentence in prison. NeverthelessRead MoreWrongful Convictions And The Criminal Justice System1933 Words   |  8 Pagesthe corrupted side of the criminal justice system. After analyzing several articles regarding wrongful conviction cases in the Unites States, it is apparent that wrongful conviction cases occur more often than society believed. It has come to surface in recent years that wrongful convictions are a big problem with our criminal justice system. Researchers have discovered the causes of wrongful convictions to be bad lawyering, government misconduct, informants, false confessions, flawed forensic scienceRead MoreThe Pursuit Of Freedom And Justice There Was A Hurricane1459 Words   |  6 Pageswas a Hurricane In times of national discontent and social injustice, music is one of the leading forms of rebellion and storytelling. In 1975, Bob Dylan contributed to this rebellious storytelling narrative by creating â€Å"Hurricane† a song about the wrongful imprisonment of middleweight fighter Rubin â€Å"Hurricane† Carter. There is a common idea that the issues we face do not have the same magnitude the issues our predecessors faced. By assuming this idea, the implications of similar issues are ignoredRead MorePersuasive Essay : Convicting The Innocent1938 Words   |  8 Pagesnotion that wrongful convictions do happen. The main question raised is how frequently do wrongful convictions occur? After research proves more wrongful convictions, the question of how do these convictions happen? Is it possible to stop wrongful convictions, or reduce the problem? Researchers have uncovered the truths and facts of the American justice system leading to wrongful convictions. In Borchard s book Convicting the Innocent, he documented 65 cases that were related to wrongful convictions

The Secret of Ella and Micha Chapter 2 Free Essays

string(46) " I start to shut the door, but he catches it\." Ella â€Å"I swear to God if we don’t find a bathroom soon, I’m going to piss in my pants.† Lila bounces up and down in the driver’s seat. The air conditioner is turned up as high as it will go and â€Å"Shake it Out† by Florence + The Machine plays from the speakers. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret of Ella and Micha Chapter 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now There’s a long road of highway stretched out in front of us, weaving over the hills spotted with trees, sage brush, and the pale pink glow of the sunset. My cell phone is in my pocket, heavy like it weighs a hundred pounds. â€Å"You can always pull over and pee behind a bush.† I prop my bare feet up on the dash and pull my white lacy tank top away from my skin to get air flowing. â€Å"Besides, we’re like five minutes away from the off-ramp.† â€Å"I can’t hold it for five more minutes.† She shoots me a dirty look and squeezes her legs together. â€Å"You’re not going to think it’s so funny when the car smells like piss.† I smother a laugh and search the GPS for the nearest restroom. â€Å"There’s one right off the exit, but I think it’s more of an outhouse.† â€Å"Does it have a toilet?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"Then it works.† She makes a sharp swerve, cutting off a silver Honda. The Honda lays on its horn and she turns in her seat to flip him the middle finger. â€Å"What a jerk. Doesn’t he understand that I have to pee?† I shake my head. I love Lila to death, but sometimes she can be a little self-centered. It’s part of what drew me to her; she was so different from my old friends back in Star Grove. My phone beeps again for the millionth time, letting me know I have a message waiting for me. Finally, I shut it off. Lila turns down the music. â€Å"You’ve been acting weird ever since we left. Who called you?† I shrug, gazing out at the grassy field. â€Å"No one I want to talk to right now.† Five minutes later, we pull up to the outhouse at the edge of town. It’s more like a shack with rusty metal siding and a faded sign. The field behind it is spotted with corroded cars and trucks and in front of it is a lake. â€Å"Oh thank God!† She claps her hands and parks the car. â€Å"I’ll be right back.† She jumps out and shuffles inside the bathroom. I climb out of the car and stretch my legs, trying not to look at the lake or the bridge going over it, but my gaze magnetizes toward the level bridge with beams curving overhead and out from the sides. The middle one was where I was standing the night I almost jumped. If I squint one eye and tilt my head, I can spot it. An old Chevy pickup comes flying down the road, kicking up a cloud of dust. As it nears, my nose twitches because I know who it is and he’s one of the last people I want to see. The truck stops just outside the perimeter of the field behind the restrooms. A lanky guy, wearing a tight t-shirt, a snug pair of jeans, and cowboy boots comes strutting out. Grantford Davis, town pothead, infamous brawl starter, and the guy who dropped me off at the bridge that God awful night eight months ago. I bang on the bathroom door. â€Å"Come on Lila, hurry up.† Grantford looks my way, but there’s no recognition in his eyes, which isn’t surprising. I’ve changed since the last time anyone saw me, shedding my gothic clothes, heavy eyeliner, and tough-girl attitude for a more lighter and pleasant look, so I blend in with the crowd. â€Å"You can’t rush nature, Ella,† Lila hisses through the door. â€Å"Now let me pee in peace.† I watch Grantford like a hawk as he rolls a tire across the field toward his pickup. The bathroom door opens and Lila walks out cringing. â€Å"Gross, it was so disgusting in there. I think I might have caught herpes just looking at the toilet.† She shivers, wiping her hands on the side of her dress. â€Å"And there were no paper towels.† Grantford has disappeared, although his truck is still there. I grab Lila’s arm and tug her toward the car. â€Å"We need to go.† Lila elevates her eyebrows questioningly as she tries to keep up with me. â€Å"What’s wrong with you?† â€Å"Nothing,† I say. â€Å"There was just this guy over in the field that I really don’t want to talk to.† â€Å"Is he an old boyfriend?† â€Å"No, not even close†¦.† I trail off as Grantford rounds the bathroom. There’s sweat on his forehead and grass stains on his jeans. â€Å"I need to talk to you for a minute.† â€Å"Why?† I question, swinging the car door open. Please don’t bring up that night. Please. Lila freezes as she’s opening the door and her gaze darts to me. â€Å"Ella, what’s going on?† Grantford tucks his hands into his pockets, staring at the hood of the car. â€Å"This ain’t your car, is it?† â€Å"No, we just stole it and took it for a joy ride.† Shit. Ten minutes back and my old attitude is slipping out. â€Å"I mean, yes it is – her car anyway.† I nod my head at Lila. â€Å"Well, I was just wondering how fast it goes?† He gives me a fox smile that makes me want to gag. I was never a fan of Grantford. He always had a sleazebag attitude, which was part of the reason why I had him drive me to the bridge that night – he was the only one I knew who would leave me there alone. I can’t help myself. â€Å"Probably a lot faster than your pick up over there.† He has a shit-eating grin on his face. â€Å"Is that a challenge?† I shake my head and motion for Lila to get in the car â€Å"Nope, that wasn’t a challenge. Just a mere observation.† Recollection fills his eyes. â€Å"Wait a minute. Do I know you?† Ignoring him, I start to shut the door, but he catches it. You read "The Secret of Ella and Micha Chapter 2" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"Holy crap! I do know you. You’re Ella Daniels.† His eyes mosey up my legs, cutoff jeans, lacy white tank top, and land on my eyes lined with frosty pink eyeliner. â€Å"You look†¦ different.† â€Å"College will do that to you.† I scale up his scuffed cowboy boots, his torn jeans, and stained shirt. â€Å"You haven’t changed a bit.† â€Å"I see your mouth hasn’t changed at all,† he snaps. â€Å"And besides, you didn’t change for the better. In fact, you look like you could be friends with Stacy Harris.† â€Å"Don’t exaggerate the situation,† I say. Stacy Harris was a popular girl in our grade; head cheerleader, homecoming queen, wore a lot of pink. His face scrunches. â€Å"You didn’t just change on the outside either. If anybody would have compared you to Stacy Harris, you’d have punched them in the face.† â€Å"Violence solves nothing.† I begin to shut the door again. â€Å"I have to go.† He complements my move and seizes the door, prying it back open. â€Å"You ain’t going anywhere until I get something out of you.† â€Å"Like a kick to the balls,† I threaten, but my insides churn. I can talk tough, but when it all comes down to it he’s a really big guy who could easily hurt me. His grey eyes turn black as the sun sets behind the shallow hills. â€Å"I heard you bailed. Packed up your stuff one night and took off. Pissed off a lot of people, too. The ones that were always protecting you when that mouth of yours got you into trouble. Especially that one guy you were always with.† â€Å"Don’t pretend like you don’t know his name.† My voice is slightly uneven. I feel out-of-control of the situation and I’m starting to panic. â€Å"You don’t forget the names of the people whose fist have slammed into your face.† A vein bulges in his thick neck as he punches the window. â€Å"That night I was wasted and Micha was completely sober. And it was total bull shit that he sucker punched me for leaving you on the bridge. I mean, you asked me to take you there. How the hell was it my fault?† Apparently, Micha hit him more than once because it’s not the instance I’m referring to. I tug at the door handle. â€Å"I’m going to close the door now and you’re going to walk away.† â€Å"Who are you?† His eyes are all over me. â€Å"I’m who I always was,† I mutter. â€Å"Just without all the baggage.† Calmly, I close the door. â€Å"You can drive away now, Lila.† She floors the car backwards and skids it onto the asphalt. I don’t look back at Grantford or the bridge. I breathe through my nose, trying to stay composed and in possession of my feelings. â€Å"What was that about?† Lila asks. â€Å"Who was that creep?† I buckle my seatbelt and turn up the air conditioning. â€Å"Just some guy I used to know from high school.† â€Å"I thought he was going to kill you or something†¦ Maybe we should call the police.† Flashbacks of my old life resurface. â€Å"That’s just how things are around here. Besides, he was all bark and no bite. Trust me. He was just irritated with something I did.† Her eyes enlarge and she grips the steering wheel. â€Å"What did you do?† I glance in the rearview mirror at the desolate road behind us. â€Å"Nothing I want to talk about.† She slows down as the speed limit decreases. â€Å"How did you do that? You were so calm even when he tried to hold the door open. I was freaking out.† â€Å"It was just instincts,† I lie. If she knew the real reason we sure as hell wouldn’t be friends. *** The urge to make Lila flip a U-turn and floor it back to Vegas becomes more powerful the closer we get to my home. Lila relaxes about the Grantford ordeal when the outhouse is far behind us. We make the rest of the short drive talking about classes and frat parties, but when we pull into the driveway of my house, her fear and panic reemerges. â€Å"This is†¦ nice.† She shudders as she peers through the windshield. â€Å"So this is where you grew up?† The full moon shines in the starry sky, lighting up the trash piled in the driveway, the old cutlass balanced on cinderblocks in front of the garage, and the peeling paint off my two-story home trimmed with a broken rain gutter that’s swaying in the wind. The tree beside my window looks like it’s dying. It was once my gateway for sneaking out of my room, but the last time I snuck out was the night my mother died. I’ll never climb that damn tree again. â€Å"Yep, this is home.† I step out into the cool breeze. Rise Against â€Å"Like an Angel† blasts from the speakers next door. The lights are on in the house, and there’s a lot of screaming and yelling going on. The driveway is lined bumper to bumper with cars and people are smoking on the dry front lawn and on the deck. One of Micha’s parties. It’s like time has frozen and was waiting for me to return. â€Å"God things never change around here.† I round the back of the car. â€Å"Lila, can you pop the trunk, please.† The trunk pops open and Lila steps tentatively out of the car. Her eyes fasten on the party and she’s chewing on her thumbnail, which is a nervous habit of hers. â€Å"Jeez, it’s more intense than even a frat party. I didn’t know that could be possible.† I sling a heavy bag over my shoulder. â€Å"Are you sure you want to sleep at my house tonight?† I rummage through the trunk for the bag holding all my toiletries. â€Å"There are some pretty decent hotels in the next town over.† â€Å"I’m just not used to this kind of a place. That’s all†¦ But I’m sure it’s fine.† She collects one of my pillows from the trunk and hugs it tightly. â€Å"Are you absolutely sure?† I balance a small box under my arm. I don’t want her to stay and witness this side of my life. â€Å"This place is a lot to take in for some people.† She narrows her eyes and points a finger at me. â€Å"I may come from an upper class town, but that doesn’t mean I haven’t been in rougher areas before. Besides, we went to that pawn store that one time in Vegas and that neighborhood was definitely sketchy.† It really wasn’t that bad of an area, but I decide to let it go, since she’ll only be staying here for one night. â€Å"Sorry, I just†¦ I want to make sure you’re comfortable.† I shift the bag onto my hip and feel around the dark trunk for my other bag. â€Å"I promise I can manage for one night.† She crosses her heart with her finger and smiles. â€Å"In fact, I might even get brave enough to go check out the party next door.† I rapidly switch the subject. â€Å"We can probably get the rest of this stuff out tomorrow, since it’s dark and I can barely see. And I don’t know about you, but I’m exhausted.† â€Å"I think†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Her eyes wander in the direction of the driveway. â€Å"Dear God Almighty, who is he? Wait a minute. Isn’t he†¦ yeah†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She lets out a quiet squeal and hops up and down. â€Å"Ella, I think it’s the guy from your drawing, that Micha guy you insist you never dated.† My bag falls to the ground as I slouch down, debating an escape. Duck under the car? Run into the house? Dive into the trunk? â€Å"Hey there, beautiful,† Micha says in his flirty tone. â€Å"You shouldn’t park your car out here in the open. Someone will probably jack it.† The sound of his voice sends a tremble through my body that coils down deep inside me. I thought the feeling would be gone after being away for eight months, but somehow time has had the opposite effect – it’s amplified and taking over my body. I pretend to be engrossed by a box in the trunk and put my head amidst the shadows. Lila giggles. â€Å"I’m sure my car will be okay. This is my friend’s house.† â€Å"Your friend’s house†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He drifts off, making the connection and anxiety strangles me. â€Å"Wait a minute? Are you talking about Ella Daniels?† Collecting myself, I slam the trunk down. When he sees me, his eyes enlarge and he has the same expression on his face as when his mama told him his daddy wasn’t ever coming back. He blinks the stunned expression away and a hint of anger transpires. â€Å"What are you doing here? I thought you were in Vegas.† For a moment, I’m unable to speak, caught in a mixture of emotions from seeing him again. Micha has always been stunningly beautiful in a way that makes artists’ hands ache. He’s dressed in a red plaid shirt, dark jeans, and a pair of black boots. His lips are full and ornamented with a silver loop and his dirty blonde hair has a slight wave to it. His skin is like porcelain and his aqua eyes carry more than I can handle. â€Å"I was down there for school, but I’m back now,† I say in the polite tone I’ve used with everyone over the last eight months. But on the inside my heart is wild, and my blood is roaring with the same yearning I felt for him when I left. â€Å"Wait a minute. You knew I was down there?† He sidesteps around Lila and positions himself directly in front of me. Micha is one of the few guys that is taller than me and I have to angle my head up to meet his eyes. â€Å"I had no idea where you were until this morning,† he says. â€Å"Since you didn’t tell anyone where you went.† The ache in his voice stabs at my heart and the phone carrying the voicemail in my pocket weighs a thousand pounds. â€Å"Sorry, but I needed a break from this place. It was†¦ things were†¦ well you know how it was.† â€Å"No, I don’t know how it was.† He braces a hand on the trunk like he’s going to fall over. â€Å"Since you took off and never told me where the hell you went.† I need to go before he gets to me, and all my self-control evaporates. Picking up my bag from the ground, I wave good-bye to him. â€Å"It was nice talking to you again, but we’ve been on the road for like twelve hours and all I want to do is lay down.† â€Å"I’m not really that tired,† Lila says and I press her with a pleading look. â€Å"Oh, wait maybe I am.† She fakes a yawn. I hurry for the side door of my house, but Micha blocks my path, and his hand comes down on the car like a railroad track barricade. He drags his lip ring into his mouth with a passionate look on his face, like he might kiss me or something. For a second, I wish he would. He leans toward my ear, lowering his voice to an intimate level. â€Å"Come with me somewhere. Please. I’ve been waiting eight months to talk to you.† I flinch at my body’s fiery reaction his voice emits. â€Å"I can’t talk to you, Micha.† I choke, backing away, and bumping my hip on the edge of the car. Tears threaten the corners of my eyes, but I haven’t cried in over a year and I refuse to break down. Spinning on my heels, I dash for the house. He doesn’t call out to me – it’s not his style. But his gaze bores a hole into my messed up head the entire way, until I’m finally locked inside my house. Then I can breathe again. Micha I swear I’m dreaming. Ella is standing in front of me and she looks just like Stacy Harris, a slutty cheerleader we used to go to high school with and who Ella beat up once because Stacy was making fun of a girl in a wheelchair. It was one of the things that made me fall in love with her; the fire, passion, and the need to stick up for the outcasts, even if it meant being an outcast herself. She never fell into any category – she was just Ella – but now she looks like a freakin’ Stepford Wife. She’s still hot as hell, a rock hard body, and long legs that go on forever. I’ve pictured those legs wrapped around my waist many times and the same images flood my head, even though she looks like a stranger. Her gorgeous green eyes are glossed over, like she’s repressed everything inside. She’s unhappy to see me and it hurts a little, but pisses me off more. She starts rambling about being tired, something she used to do all the time to avoid confrontation. I watch her lips move, wanting to kiss her so God damn bad, but knowing she’d probably kick me if I tried anything. So I lean in, smelling her hair and beg her to come with me somewhere. Then she runs down the driveway and locks herself in the house. I start to chase after her, but a Frisbee smacks me in the side of the head. â€Å"Sorry man,† Ethan calls out, hopping over the fence with a smirk on his face. â€Å"It slipped.† Rubbing my head, I arch my eyebrows at Ethan. â€Å"Perfect timing asshole.† He holds up his hands. â€Å"I said I was sorry. You were just standing there all dazed out like a freaking whipped pussy, so I thought I’d snap you out of it.† He scoops up the Frisbee from the concrete and gives a low whistle at Ella’s friend’s Mercedes as he circles it rolling up his sleeves. â€Å"Whose sweet ride is this? Wait, is it Ella’s?† â€Å"I think it’s her friends.† I eye the back door of her house, debating whether I should barge in after her and demand to know why she shut me out for eight months. â€Å"Since when does Ella hang out with people who drive cars like this?† he asks, peeking through the tinted windows. â€Å"She’s been gone for eight months.† I back toward the fence that separates Ella’s yard from mine with my hands in my pockets. â€Å"Who the hell knows who she is anymore?† I need a drink, even though I haven’t had a drop of alcohol in eight months. The day Ella took off, with no note or a good-bye, I had gone up to the cove, got drunk, and took all my anger out on Grantford Davis’ face. The cops showed up and I got busted for being under the influence and for assault. I’m still on probation for it and I had to go to anger management classes for a while. I’ve been really good about keeping my crap together, but five minutes after Ella shows up and I’m about to throw it away. I head to the kitchen, scoop up a beer from the ice chest, and settle on the couch between a blonde and a brunette. The blonde one giggles. â€Å"Oh my God, is the bad boy Micha finally back?† I can’t remember her name, but I play along. â€Å"I sure am, baby.† Then I swig my beer back and bury my pain, along with Ella. She’s the only girl that’s ever been able to get me this upset. The only girl that’s never wanted me. How to cite The Secret of Ella and Micha Chapter 2, Essay examples

Study of Organizational Citizenship Behaviors †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Study of Organizational Citizenship Behaviors. Answer: Introduction: Organizational Citizenship Behavior (O.C.B) can be said as a new concept regarding analyzing the performance of the workforce, but it also represents a traditional human conduct of voluntary action along with the mutual aid having no request to pay in return (Begum, Zehou Sarker, 2014). This unique idea was initially introduced in the 80s of the last century by Dennis Organ. This theory has rapidly expanded during the next few years. As stated in the writings of Agarwal (2016) O.C.B is a type of individual behavior that can be said discretionary and not at all explicitly recognized by any type of formal system of rewarding (Naeem, Malik Bano, 2014). Along with that, O.C.B promotes the effective functioning of the organization. Organ also stressed on the fact that to define O.C.B as a behavior which is not at all formally rewarded must be equally broad, because only a few in-role behaviors can guarantee a reward that is formal This literature review consists of the various factors, significances, consequences and various dimensions of Organizational Citizenship Behavior. The business organizations, who have continued to be successful, need workers who would get engaged more in completing their allocated tasks and take more responsibilities and perform above the expectations of the management. The O.C.B explains the actions following which the workforce is willing to go beyond their roles that are needed. This theory suggests that these types of behaviors are interrelated with various indicators of the effectiveness of the organizations (Firouzi, Harati Shahraki, 2014). There are at least 30 different types of organizational citizenship behavior that ycan be arranged into seven groups by organizational loyalty, helping behavior, sportsmanship, individual initiative, self development, organizational compliance and civic virtue. Particularly, helping behavior is a type of OCB where the individuals help other people with their work and fight possible oddities. After that sportsmanship can be defined as a type of behavior that includes sacrificing for team work and motivating other members of the team when needed. Organizational loyalty can be seen as a protection system for the interests of the organization as being loyal towards it, but there are not many experts who consider it to be a part of the O.C.B. Organizational Compliance is the compliance with the rules of the organizations and the procedures in general (Begum, Zehou Sarker, 2014). Individual initiative can be considered as a extra-role activity that involves getting engaged in the behavior s related to the tasks but it is not at all clear whether it is a type of OCB or not. Civic virtue helps identifying the individuals of an organization as a whole and protects the interests of the corporation in every aspect. Lastly, the self development is the sense that means developing the own self and in this way the employees contribute to the interests of their organization (Naeem, Malik Bano, 2014). There is another theory where altruism, courtesy, sportsmanship, conscientiousness and civil virtue are included under the dimensions of OCB. Dimensions of OCB Dimensions Variables Courtesy Helping coworkers when needed. Being ready to help others. Helping others being busy. Being cooperative towards new employees. Altruism Keeping the organization clean. Utilization of the resources of the organization. Attending the non compulsory meeting after work. Adhering to the organizational regulations. Understanding the problems of others. Releasing the stress of the coworkers. Sportsmanship Getting uniform results towards the organization. Showing responsible attitudes. Being friendly and lively towards the attitudes towards the corporation. Being updated with the performance of the workers. Utilizing the excess time by increasing knowledge. Following the companys procedure of working. Consciousness Appreciating constructive ideas of subordinate people. Helping other colleagues in critical situations. Acting proactively. Loyalty Being faithful towards the organization. A sense of belongingness Working more than the expectation of the organization. Civic virtue Team work is one of the most important aspects. Encouraging peersto follow the policies of the organization Extra role behavior Keeping the personal and professional issues differently. Remaining committed towards the company. Commitment Being committed towards the company. Figure Dimensions of OCB Source: as created by author Consequences of OCB Various OCB behaviors can have numerous consequence regarding the effectiveness of the organization, and for an example, it can be said that, helping others can surely improve the productivity and the moral of the workforce (Firouzi, Harati Shahraki, 2014). There is a constant need of expanding the knowledge regarding OCB by investigating how work performance gets influenced by OCB, whether there is a direct connection or indirect and whether its effects are immediate or takes time (Naeem, Malik Bano, 2014). Whenever the managers evaluate the performance of the workforce they engage OCB, but a question lies there and that is whether all the aspects of OCB are effective or not in certain situations (Azeem Akhtar, 2014). The workforce and the clients are the major 2 aspects of any kind of business organization and thus the job satisfaction of the workers can allow the organization to satisfy their clients and also to increase the profitability of the corporation. It can be said that the job satisfaction of the workforce within the workplace under a proper business environment to attain the targets of the company (Naeem, Malik Bano, 2014). Extrinsic and Intrinsic are the two major factors of OCB, and that allows the corporation to motivate their employees along with satisfying them in their current workplace. It has been seen that the motivation and satisfaction level of the workers are the chief terms of generating the uniform productivity of the organization. Experts opined that various dimensions of OCB are the most effective methodology of the satisfied individuals in their workplace, and thus it can surely be said that OCB is the main aspects of the employment and satisfying the employees in the ir workplace. To evaluate the effectiveness of OCB, a quantitative data analysis can be done for this particular paper (Yao Fan, 2015). A questionnaire can be provided to hundreds of employees in the various regions of the land and they were asked whether OCB is effective or not and in most cases the responses were positive. In this process realizing the importance of the dimensions or the effectiveness of the dimensions cannot be evaluated properly as evaluation of these complicated theories cannot be evaluated by the answers of some employees while interviewing them (Azeem Akhtar, 2014). OCB can be referred to as a set of discretionary behaviors of workplace that might exceed individuals basic requirements of job (Shaheen, Bukhari Adil, 2016). Various research works regarding OCB focused on the effects of OCB on the organizational and individual performance. Examples of these types of behaviors like understanding the cooperation with the co-workers, mentoring and performing extra duties regardless of delays and punctuality and compliant usage of organizational resources and sharing ideas and positively representing the company (Rajiani, 2013). Some experts said that altruism and general compliance grouped the OCB dimensions as non-visual and the virtual factors like sportsmanship and civic virtue. It is widely believed that citizenship behaviors within the organizations have three chief categories, such as: Organizational obedience, participation and loyalty (Azeem Akhtar, 2014). Recently, OCB has been conceptualized as likewise with the concept of contextual perfo rmance that can be defined as performance that can support the social along with the psychological environment in which the performance of task takes place. When this aspect reflects the lithe nature of the role of the workers within a modernized workplace, and also acknowledges the fact regarding the employees would get recognized and rewarded for getting engaged in OCB (Naeem, Malik Bano, 2014). The idiomatic understanding of OCB of above and beyond would help other individuals at workplace is an idea that is familiar to many people and these notions would continue to be a very popular method of conceptualizing OCB. Conclusion Thus to conclude, it can be said that, OCB is one of the most important aspects of business organization to get successful commercially. Business organizations require employees who would do certain things who would voluntarily do things which are not in their job description and the proofs highlights that these types of organizations who have employees like this surely climbs up the ladder of success sooner than any other organization. OCB have been conceptualized as a desirable set of behaviors in the society and numerous motives has to be present as the reason behind the employees showing OCB within their workplace. It is widely believed that OCB exhibits a Good Soldier Syndrome that is essential for a business organization to grow further. To summarize the paper it can be said that OCB is a type of discretionary behavior that is surely not a part of the job description of an employee, but it promotes the functioning of the organization effectively. To reach the targets of the com pany and to make the most out of the general workforce the management of the business organizations must understand the importance of the OCB within the workplace. References and bibliography Agarwal, S. (2016). Organizational Citizenship behavior: A Comparative Study Between Public and Private Sector Bank.International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences,4(5), 161-167. Azeem, S. M., Akhtar, N. (2014). PERSONAL ETHICS AND ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR AMONG DOCTORS IN THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA.International Journal of Academic Research,6(4). Azmi, F. T., Desai, K., Jayakrishnan, K. (2016). Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB): A comprehensive literature review.Sumedha Journal of Management,5(1), 102. Begum, S., Zehou, S., Sarker, M. A. H. (2014). Investigating the relationship between recruitment selection practice and OCB dimensions of commercial banks in China.International Journal of Academic Research in Management,3(2), 146-154. Firouzi, M., Harati, H., Shahraki, R. (2014). Probing the effect of Organisational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) on Social Capital (SC).International Journal of Advanced Research in Science and Technology,3(3), 136-139. Naeem, B., Malik, M. E., Bano, N. (2014). NURTURING ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOURS BY OPTIMISM SUBCULTURE: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan.Pakistan Economic and Social Review,52(2), 175. Qureshi, H. (2015).A Study of Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCB) and its Antecedents in an Indian Police Agency. University of Cincinnati. Rajiani, I. (2013). Promoting organizational citizenship behavior among employees-the role of leadership practices.International Journal of Business and Management;,8(6), 47-54. Shaheen, S., Bukhari, I., Adil, A. (2016). Moderating role of psychological capital between perceived organizational support and organizational citizenship behavior and its dimensions.International Journal of Research Studies in Psychology,5, 41-50. Tambe, S. (2014). A study of organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) and its dimensions: a literature review. Yao, J., Fan, L. (2015). The Performance of Knowledge Workers Based on Behavioral Perspective.Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies,3(01), 21.