Essay on Women’s friend The Popularity of Shapewear

From ancient time through now, people always want to be a fashionable person; especially for women, because they want their bodies have a curve and they also want their bodies more fit and more shape. Each person has their view of fashion, and each country also has their types of fashion. In the western country, people think that wearing a corset is very fashionable. Between the middle of the 16th century to 18th century, women always to wear corset between a rigid quasi-cylindrical torso above their waist and heavy full skirts below to let their bodies look more gorgeous. In the ancient China, Chinese’s women think foot-binding is fashion. From the 10th century to early 20th century, most ancient Chinese women think small feet looks†¦show more content†¦According to the Fields states, â€Å"future mothers of our race (e.p 1). â€Å"Future mothers† means a woman who is pregnant. Some women insist wear corset when they are pregnant, because it’s too tig ht to their bodies.Women wearing corset when they are pregnant may cause many health risk, such as decrease in abdominal muscle, physical abnormalities, lung capacity and stomach capacity. Many doctors advised pregnant women, they had better not wear corset when they are pregnant, because that it will influence not only their own health, it also influences the child’s health. According to Esse, â€Å"Carlo Ritorni focused on the danger tight-lacing represented to womens health†¦ corsets wreaked on the internal organs and citing purported medical evidence† (e.p1). â€Å"Wreaked on the internal organs† means corsets is too tight to bodies and restrict the breathing. Because of women wear corset can possibly be laced too tightly as to decrease lung capacity and stomach capacity. The most important thing is before wearing the corset, people must choose one corset that fit their size of body, and try to let the rest of bodies take a break in each hour. Although wear corset can help people raise chest, make their bodies smooth, fit, slim and have prefer figure. Wearing shapewear can help people look slim. The feeling of slim gives many people self- confidence and it also can let people feel safe when they are wearing shapewear

Wrongful Convictions And Its Effect On Society - 6680 Words

Introduction Many of us are familiar with historical films such as â€Å"The Shawshank Redemption†, but the reality is that wrongful convictions have occurred throughout history and although less frequently, still occur today. A wrongful conviction can greatly impact an individual’s life and may continue to be an issue even after exoneration. Many people are under the impression that individuals who are wrongfully convicted and later exonerated have won the battle over the justice system, however this is rarely the case. Exonerees experience great amounts of hardship once released back into society. There are flaws in the justice system, which make it extremely difficult for exonerees to experience true freedom. Wrongful convictions occur not only in the United States, but also across the entire globe. It is a serious injustice when an innocent person is forced to experience life as a convicted felon. Causes of Wrongful Convictions â€Å"Although numerous cases of wrongful convictions have been documented in the literature and in the media, criminologists have yet to devise a methodology for estimating the extent of such errors in the criminal justice system.† (Poveda, 2001) Since DNA testing has been utilized in the justice system, wrongful convictions have become less frequent and exoneration rates have increased. â€Å"There are many factors involved when consider the causes of wrongful convictions. Eyewitness misidentification is a leading cause for wrongful convictions.† (InnocenceShow MoreRelatedVictims Of The American Criminal Justice System851 Words   |  4 Pagesnow, America has been a place where laws, crimes, and other stipulations have a cause and effect. Since America’s inception as a free land, in this land people are obligated to follow laws and orders directed by the United States Government. However, many follow the laws and become victims of the American Criminal Justice system. Hence, we have people who become victims of wrong convictions. Wrongful conviction is define as a person who is currently serving a sentence via incarceration for a crimeRead MoreThe Conviction Of A Wrongful Conviction1671 Words   |  7 Pagesdid not do. Ivan Henry is the perfect example of a victim of a wrongful conviction and how the justice system is flawed when it comes to convictions. Misconduct by the police and the Crown not disclosing important information led to Henry’ wrongful conviction. A wrongful conviction can be described as â€Å"a conviction of a person who was factually innocent† (Colvin, 2009). Also according to Colvin the leading culprits in wrongful convictions are: eyewitnesses, misidentification, investigative misconductRead MoreDeath Penalty1333 Words   |  6 Pagesconsidered to be cruel and unusual punishment brought down by the Supreme Court in 1972. That is not the case in today’s society because in 1976 the Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty did not violate any constitutional amendments as long asit is carried out in a careful and judicious manner†(ProQuest Staff, 2013). The issues surrounding the death penalty involves wrongful convictions, cost of a death sentence, and is it still effective and moral. Some say the sentence of death is not as effectiveRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System Is Fair And True1260 Words   |  6 Pagesinvestigations and prosecutorial misconduct. Our criminal justice system is based on th e concept that every wrong has a cause and effect, thus forcing us to punish any and all offenders, but with all the faults in our system how do we know who’s guilty of committing the crime? Most of the time this is when wrongful convictions occurs. A simple definition of wrongful conviction is when innocent defendants are found guilty in criminal trials. Frequently these innocent defendants are forced to go as farRead MoreEyewitness Testimony Essay1299 Words   |  6 Pagestestimony tends to be the primary focus. Many wrongful convictions have occurred due to these false eyewitness statements. According to George Vallas, in â€Å"A survey of Federal and State Standards for the Admission of Expert Testimony on the Reliability of Eyewitness,† â€Å"The central problem with corroboration is somewhat different from the issues confronted thus far; rather than endangering innocent defendants, such requirements have the potential to harm society by making it more difficu lt to convict guiltyRead MoreIdentifying Innocent People On Death Row1381 Words   |  6 Pagesof how many people on death row should truly be there and what percent are innocent. Jay D. Aronson works at Carnegie Mellon University as an Assistant Professor of Science, Technology and Society, and Simon A. Cole works at the University of California as an Assistant professor of Criminology, Law and Society. According to Jay Aronson and Simon Cole â€Å"both abolitionists and death penalty reformers, who seek to promote a ‘scientific’ death penalty centered on DNA evidence, draw upon a mythologizedRead MoreCommunity Corrections Programs Should Be Maintained Under Control Essay1476 Words   |  6 PagesCromwell, Del Carmen, 2008). This does not mean that every person will be deterred from committing future crimes, it just implies that the majority of those involved in a community corrections program will have better behavior when reintegrating to society. On the other ha nd, the inmates convicted of violent crimes are not afforded the opportunity to be part of a community corrections program; thus, more often than not, they serve the majority, if not all, of their sentence in prison. NeverthelessRead MoreWrongful Convictions And The Criminal Justice System1933 Words   |  8 Pagesthe corrupted side of the criminal justice system. After analyzing several articles regarding wrongful conviction cases in the Unites States, it is apparent that wrongful conviction cases occur more often than society believed. It has come to surface in recent years that wrongful convictions are a big problem with our criminal justice system. Researchers have discovered the causes of wrongful convictions to be bad lawyering, government misconduct, informants, false confessions, flawed forensic scienceRead MoreThe Pursuit Of Freedom And Justice There Was A Hurricane1459 Words   |  6 Pageswas a Hurricane In times of national discontent and social injustice, music is one of the leading forms of rebellion and storytelling. In 1975, Bob Dylan contributed to this rebellious storytelling narrative by creating â€Å"Hurricane† a song about the wrongful imprisonment of middleweight fighter Rubin â€Å"Hurricane† Carter. There is a common idea that the issues we face do not have the same magnitude the issues our predecessors faced. By assuming this idea, the implications of similar issues are ignoredRead MorePersuasive Essay : Convicting The Innocent1938 Words   |  8 Pagesnotion that wrongful convictions do happen. The main question raised is how frequently do wrongful convictions occur? After research proves more wrongful convictions, the question of how do these convictions happen? Is it possible to stop wrongful convictions, or reduce the problem? Researchers have uncovered the truths and facts of the American justice system leading to wrongful convictions. In Borchard s book Convicting the Innocent, he documented 65 cases that were related to wrongful convictions

The Secret of Ella and Micha Chapter 2 Free Essays

string(46) " I start to shut the door, but he catches it\." Ella â€Å"I swear to God if we don’t find a bathroom soon, I’m going to piss in my pants.† Lila bounces up and down in the driver’s seat. The air conditioner is turned up as high as it will go and â€Å"Shake it Out† by Florence + The Machine plays from the speakers. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret of Ella and Micha Chapter 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now There’s a long road of highway stretched out in front of us, weaving over the hills spotted with trees, sage brush, and the pale pink glow of the sunset. My cell phone is in my pocket, heavy like it weighs a hundred pounds. â€Å"You can always pull over and pee behind a bush.† I prop my bare feet up on the dash and pull my white lacy tank top away from my skin to get air flowing. â€Å"Besides, we’re like five minutes away from the off-ramp.† â€Å"I can’t hold it for five more minutes.† She shoots me a dirty look and squeezes her legs together. â€Å"You’re not going to think it’s so funny when the car smells like piss.† I smother a laugh and search the GPS for the nearest restroom. â€Å"There’s one right off the exit, but I think it’s more of an outhouse.† â€Å"Does it have a toilet?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"Then it works.† She makes a sharp swerve, cutting off a silver Honda. The Honda lays on its horn and she turns in her seat to flip him the middle finger. â€Å"What a jerk. Doesn’t he understand that I have to pee?† I shake my head. I love Lila to death, but sometimes she can be a little self-centered. It’s part of what drew me to her; she was so different from my old friends back in Star Grove. My phone beeps again for the millionth time, letting me know I have a message waiting for me. Finally, I shut it off. Lila turns down the music. â€Å"You’ve been acting weird ever since we left. Who called you?† I shrug, gazing out at the grassy field. â€Å"No one I want to talk to right now.† Five minutes later, we pull up to the outhouse at the edge of town. It’s more like a shack with rusty metal siding and a faded sign. The field behind it is spotted with corroded cars and trucks and in front of it is a lake. â€Å"Oh thank God!† She claps her hands and parks the car. â€Å"I’ll be right back.† She jumps out and shuffles inside the bathroom. I climb out of the car and stretch my legs, trying not to look at the lake or the bridge going over it, but my gaze magnetizes toward the level bridge with beams curving overhead and out from the sides. The middle one was where I was standing the night I almost jumped. If I squint one eye and tilt my head, I can spot it. An old Chevy pickup comes flying down the road, kicking up a cloud of dust. As it nears, my nose twitches because I know who it is and he’s one of the last people I want to see. The truck stops just outside the perimeter of the field behind the restrooms. A lanky guy, wearing a tight t-shirt, a snug pair of jeans, and cowboy boots comes strutting out. Grantford Davis, town pothead, infamous brawl starter, and the guy who dropped me off at the bridge that God awful night eight months ago. I bang on the bathroom door. â€Å"Come on Lila, hurry up.† Grantford looks my way, but there’s no recognition in his eyes, which isn’t surprising. I’ve changed since the last time anyone saw me, shedding my gothic clothes, heavy eyeliner, and tough-girl attitude for a more lighter and pleasant look, so I blend in with the crowd. â€Å"You can’t rush nature, Ella,† Lila hisses through the door. â€Å"Now let me pee in peace.† I watch Grantford like a hawk as he rolls a tire across the field toward his pickup. The bathroom door opens and Lila walks out cringing. â€Å"Gross, it was so disgusting in there. I think I might have caught herpes just looking at the toilet.† She shivers, wiping her hands on the side of her dress. â€Å"And there were no paper towels.† Grantford has disappeared, although his truck is still there. I grab Lila’s arm and tug her toward the car. â€Å"We need to go.† Lila elevates her eyebrows questioningly as she tries to keep up with me. â€Å"What’s wrong with you?† â€Å"Nothing,† I say. â€Å"There was just this guy over in the field that I really don’t want to talk to.† â€Å"Is he an old boyfriend?† â€Å"No, not even close†¦.† I trail off as Grantford rounds the bathroom. There’s sweat on his forehead and grass stains on his jeans. â€Å"I need to talk to you for a minute.† â€Å"Why?† I question, swinging the car door open. Please don’t bring up that night. Please. Lila freezes as she’s opening the door and her gaze darts to me. â€Å"Ella, what’s going on?† Grantford tucks his hands into his pockets, staring at the hood of the car. â€Å"This ain’t your car, is it?† â€Å"No, we just stole it and took it for a joy ride.† Shit. Ten minutes back and my old attitude is slipping out. â€Å"I mean, yes it is – her car anyway.† I nod my head at Lila. â€Å"Well, I was just wondering how fast it goes?† He gives me a fox smile that makes me want to gag. I was never a fan of Grantford. He always had a sleazebag attitude, which was part of the reason why I had him drive me to the bridge that night – he was the only one I knew who would leave me there alone. I can’t help myself. â€Å"Probably a lot faster than your pick up over there.† He has a shit-eating grin on his face. â€Å"Is that a challenge?† I shake my head and motion for Lila to get in the car â€Å"Nope, that wasn’t a challenge. Just a mere observation.† Recollection fills his eyes. â€Å"Wait a minute. Do I know you?† Ignoring him, I start to shut the door, but he catches it. You read "The Secret of Ella and Micha Chapter 2" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"Holy crap! I do know you. You’re Ella Daniels.† His eyes mosey up my legs, cutoff jeans, lacy white tank top, and land on my eyes lined with frosty pink eyeliner. â€Å"You look†¦ different.† â€Å"College will do that to you.† I scale up his scuffed cowboy boots, his torn jeans, and stained shirt. â€Å"You haven’t changed a bit.† â€Å"I see your mouth hasn’t changed at all,† he snaps. â€Å"And besides, you didn’t change for the better. In fact, you look like you could be friends with Stacy Harris.† â€Å"Don’t exaggerate the situation,† I say. Stacy Harris was a popular girl in our grade; head cheerleader, homecoming queen, wore a lot of pink. His face scrunches. â€Å"You didn’t just change on the outside either. If anybody would have compared you to Stacy Harris, you’d have punched them in the face.† â€Å"Violence solves nothing.† I begin to shut the door again. â€Å"I have to go.† He complements my move and seizes the door, prying it back open. â€Å"You ain’t going anywhere until I get something out of you.† â€Å"Like a kick to the balls,† I threaten, but my insides churn. I can talk tough, but when it all comes down to it he’s a really big guy who could easily hurt me. His grey eyes turn black as the sun sets behind the shallow hills. â€Å"I heard you bailed. Packed up your stuff one night and took off. Pissed off a lot of people, too. The ones that were always protecting you when that mouth of yours got you into trouble. Especially that one guy you were always with.† â€Å"Don’t pretend like you don’t know his name.† My voice is slightly uneven. I feel out-of-control of the situation and I’m starting to panic. â€Å"You don’t forget the names of the people whose fist have slammed into your face.† A vein bulges in his thick neck as he punches the window. â€Å"That night I was wasted and Micha was completely sober. And it was total bull shit that he sucker punched me for leaving you on the bridge. I mean, you asked me to take you there. How the hell was it my fault?† Apparently, Micha hit him more than once because it’s not the instance I’m referring to. I tug at the door handle. â€Å"I’m going to close the door now and you’re going to walk away.† â€Å"Who are you?† His eyes are all over me. â€Å"I’m who I always was,† I mutter. â€Å"Just without all the baggage.† Calmly, I close the door. â€Å"You can drive away now, Lila.† She floors the car backwards and skids it onto the asphalt. I don’t look back at Grantford or the bridge. I breathe through my nose, trying to stay composed and in possession of my feelings. â€Å"What was that about?† Lila asks. â€Å"Who was that creep?† I buckle my seatbelt and turn up the air conditioning. â€Å"Just some guy I used to know from high school.† â€Å"I thought he was going to kill you or something†¦ Maybe we should call the police.† Flashbacks of my old life resurface. â€Å"That’s just how things are around here. Besides, he was all bark and no bite. Trust me. He was just irritated with something I did.† Her eyes enlarge and she grips the steering wheel. â€Å"What did you do?† I glance in the rearview mirror at the desolate road behind us. â€Å"Nothing I want to talk about.† She slows down as the speed limit decreases. â€Å"How did you do that? You were so calm even when he tried to hold the door open. I was freaking out.† â€Å"It was just instincts,† I lie. If she knew the real reason we sure as hell wouldn’t be friends. *** The urge to make Lila flip a U-turn and floor it back to Vegas becomes more powerful the closer we get to my home. Lila relaxes about the Grantford ordeal when the outhouse is far behind us. We make the rest of the short drive talking about classes and frat parties, but when we pull into the driveway of my house, her fear and panic reemerges. â€Å"This is†¦ nice.† She shudders as she peers through the windshield. â€Å"So this is where you grew up?† The full moon shines in the starry sky, lighting up the trash piled in the driveway, the old cutlass balanced on cinderblocks in front of the garage, and the peeling paint off my two-story home trimmed with a broken rain gutter that’s swaying in the wind. The tree beside my window looks like it’s dying. It was once my gateway for sneaking out of my room, but the last time I snuck out was the night my mother died. I’ll never climb that damn tree again. â€Å"Yep, this is home.† I step out into the cool breeze. Rise Against â€Å"Like an Angel† blasts from the speakers next door. The lights are on in the house, and there’s a lot of screaming and yelling going on. The driveway is lined bumper to bumper with cars and people are smoking on the dry front lawn and on the deck. One of Micha’s parties. It’s like time has frozen and was waiting for me to return. â€Å"God things never change around here.† I round the back of the car. â€Å"Lila, can you pop the trunk, please.† The trunk pops open and Lila steps tentatively out of the car. Her eyes fasten on the party and she’s chewing on her thumbnail, which is a nervous habit of hers. â€Å"Jeez, it’s more intense than even a frat party. I didn’t know that could be possible.† I sling a heavy bag over my shoulder. â€Å"Are you sure you want to sleep at my house tonight?† I rummage through the trunk for the bag holding all my toiletries. â€Å"There are some pretty decent hotels in the next town over.† â€Å"I’m just not used to this kind of a place. That’s all†¦ But I’m sure it’s fine.† She collects one of my pillows from the trunk and hugs it tightly. â€Å"Are you absolutely sure?† I balance a small box under my arm. I don’t want her to stay and witness this side of my life. â€Å"This place is a lot to take in for some people.† She narrows her eyes and points a finger at me. â€Å"I may come from an upper class town, but that doesn’t mean I haven’t been in rougher areas before. Besides, we went to that pawn store that one time in Vegas and that neighborhood was definitely sketchy.† It really wasn’t that bad of an area, but I decide to let it go, since she’ll only be staying here for one night. â€Å"Sorry, I just†¦ I want to make sure you’re comfortable.† I shift the bag onto my hip and feel around the dark trunk for my other bag. â€Å"I promise I can manage for one night.† She crosses her heart with her finger and smiles. â€Å"In fact, I might even get brave enough to go check out the party next door.† I rapidly switch the subject. â€Å"We can probably get the rest of this stuff out tomorrow, since it’s dark and I can barely see. And I don’t know about you, but I’m exhausted.† â€Å"I think†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Her eyes wander in the direction of the driveway. â€Å"Dear God Almighty, who is he? Wait a minute. Isn’t he†¦ yeah†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She lets out a quiet squeal and hops up and down. â€Å"Ella, I think it’s the guy from your drawing, that Micha guy you insist you never dated.† My bag falls to the ground as I slouch down, debating an escape. Duck under the car? Run into the house? Dive into the trunk? â€Å"Hey there, beautiful,† Micha says in his flirty tone. â€Å"You shouldn’t park your car out here in the open. Someone will probably jack it.† The sound of his voice sends a tremble through my body that coils down deep inside me. I thought the feeling would be gone after being away for eight months, but somehow time has had the opposite effect – it’s amplified and taking over my body. I pretend to be engrossed by a box in the trunk and put my head amidst the shadows. Lila giggles. â€Å"I’m sure my car will be okay. This is my friend’s house.† â€Å"Your friend’s house†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He drifts off, making the connection and anxiety strangles me. â€Å"Wait a minute? Are you talking about Ella Daniels?† Collecting myself, I slam the trunk down. When he sees me, his eyes enlarge and he has the same expression on his face as when his mama told him his daddy wasn’t ever coming back. He blinks the stunned expression away and a hint of anger transpires. â€Å"What are you doing here? I thought you were in Vegas.† For a moment, I’m unable to speak, caught in a mixture of emotions from seeing him again. Micha has always been stunningly beautiful in a way that makes artists’ hands ache. He’s dressed in a red plaid shirt, dark jeans, and a pair of black boots. His lips are full and ornamented with a silver loop and his dirty blonde hair has a slight wave to it. His skin is like porcelain and his aqua eyes carry more than I can handle. â€Å"I was down there for school, but I’m back now,† I say in the polite tone I’ve used with everyone over the last eight months. But on the inside my heart is wild, and my blood is roaring with the same yearning I felt for him when I left. â€Å"Wait a minute. You knew I was down there?† He sidesteps around Lila and positions himself directly in front of me. Micha is one of the few guys that is taller than me and I have to angle my head up to meet his eyes. â€Å"I had no idea where you were until this morning,† he says. â€Å"Since you didn’t tell anyone where you went.† The ache in his voice stabs at my heart and the phone carrying the voicemail in my pocket weighs a thousand pounds. â€Å"Sorry, but I needed a break from this place. It was†¦ things were†¦ well you know how it was.† â€Å"No, I don’t know how it was.† He braces a hand on the trunk like he’s going to fall over. â€Å"Since you took off and never told me where the hell you went.† I need to go before he gets to me, and all my self-control evaporates. Picking up my bag from the ground, I wave good-bye to him. â€Å"It was nice talking to you again, but we’ve been on the road for like twelve hours and all I want to do is lay down.† â€Å"I’m not really that tired,† Lila says and I press her with a pleading look. â€Å"Oh, wait maybe I am.† She fakes a yawn. I hurry for the side door of my house, but Micha blocks my path, and his hand comes down on the car like a railroad track barricade. He drags his lip ring into his mouth with a passionate look on his face, like he might kiss me or something. For a second, I wish he would. He leans toward my ear, lowering his voice to an intimate level. â€Å"Come with me somewhere. Please. I’ve been waiting eight months to talk to you.† I flinch at my body’s fiery reaction his voice emits. â€Å"I can’t talk to you, Micha.† I choke, backing away, and bumping my hip on the edge of the car. Tears threaten the corners of my eyes, but I haven’t cried in over a year and I refuse to break down. Spinning on my heels, I dash for the house. He doesn’t call out to me – it’s not his style. But his gaze bores a hole into my messed up head the entire way, until I’m finally locked inside my house. Then I can breathe again. Micha I swear I’m dreaming. Ella is standing in front of me and she looks just like Stacy Harris, a slutty cheerleader we used to go to high school with and who Ella beat up once because Stacy was making fun of a girl in a wheelchair. It was one of the things that made me fall in love with her; the fire, passion, and the need to stick up for the outcasts, even if it meant being an outcast herself. She never fell into any category – she was just Ella – but now she looks like a freakin’ Stepford Wife. She’s still hot as hell, a rock hard body, and long legs that go on forever. I’ve pictured those legs wrapped around my waist many times and the same images flood my head, even though she looks like a stranger. Her gorgeous green eyes are glossed over, like she’s repressed everything inside. She’s unhappy to see me and it hurts a little, but pisses me off more. She starts rambling about being tired, something she used to do all the time to avoid confrontation. I watch her lips move, wanting to kiss her so God damn bad, but knowing she’d probably kick me if I tried anything. So I lean in, smelling her hair and beg her to come with me somewhere. Then she runs down the driveway and locks herself in the house. I start to chase after her, but a Frisbee smacks me in the side of the head. â€Å"Sorry man,† Ethan calls out, hopping over the fence with a smirk on his face. â€Å"It slipped.† Rubbing my head, I arch my eyebrows at Ethan. â€Å"Perfect timing asshole.† He holds up his hands. â€Å"I said I was sorry. You were just standing there all dazed out like a freaking whipped pussy, so I thought I’d snap you out of it.† He scoops up the Frisbee from the concrete and gives a low whistle at Ella’s friend’s Mercedes as he circles it rolling up his sleeves. â€Å"Whose sweet ride is this? Wait, is it Ella’s?† â€Å"I think it’s her friends.† I eye the back door of her house, debating whether I should barge in after her and demand to know why she shut me out for eight months. â€Å"Since when does Ella hang out with people who drive cars like this?† he asks, peeking through the tinted windows. â€Å"She’s been gone for eight months.† I back toward the fence that separates Ella’s yard from mine with my hands in my pockets. â€Å"Who the hell knows who she is anymore?† I need a drink, even though I haven’t had a drop of alcohol in eight months. The day Ella took off, with no note or a good-bye, I had gone up to the cove, got drunk, and took all my anger out on Grantford Davis’ face. The cops showed up and I got busted for being under the influence and for assault. I’m still on probation for it and I had to go to anger management classes for a while. I’ve been really good about keeping my crap together, but five minutes after Ella shows up and I’m about to throw it away. I head to the kitchen, scoop up a beer from the ice chest, and settle on the couch between a blonde and a brunette. The blonde one giggles. â€Å"Oh my God, is the bad boy Micha finally back?† I can’t remember her name, but I play along. â€Å"I sure am, baby.† Then I swig my beer back and bury my pain, along with Ella. She’s the only girl that’s ever been able to get me this upset. The only girl that’s never wanted me. How to cite The Secret of Ella and Micha Chapter 2, Essay examples

Study of Organizational Citizenship Behaviors †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Study of Organizational Citizenship Behaviors. Answer: Introduction: Organizational Citizenship Behavior (O.C.B) can be said as a new concept regarding analyzing the performance of the workforce, but it also represents a traditional human conduct of voluntary action along with the mutual aid having no request to pay in return (Begum, Zehou Sarker, 2014). This unique idea was initially introduced in the 80s of the last century by Dennis Organ. This theory has rapidly expanded during the next few years. As stated in the writings of Agarwal (2016) O.C.B is a type of individual behavior that can be said discretionary and not at all explicitly recognized by any type of formal system of rewarding (Naeem, Malik Bano, 2014). Along with that, O.C.B promotes the effective functioning of the organization. Organ also stressed on the fact that to define O.C.B as a behavior which is not at all formally rewarded must be equally broad, because only a few in-role behaviors can guarantee a reward that is formal This literature review consists of the various factors, significances, consequences and various dimensions of Organizational Citizenship Behavior. The business organizations, who have continued to be successful, need workers who would get engaged more in completing their allocated tasks and take more responsibilities and perform above the expectations of the management. The O.C.B explains the actions following which the workforce is willing to go beyond their roles that are needed. This theory suggests that these types of behaviors are interrelated with various indicators of the effectiveness of the organizations (Firouzi, Harati Shahraki, 2014). There are at least 30 different types of organizational citizenship behavior that ycan be arranged into seven groups by organizational loyalty, helping behavior, sportsmanship, individual initiative, self development, organizational compliance and civic virtue. Particularly, helping behavior is a type of OCB where the individuals help other people with their work and fight possible oddities. After that sportsmanship can be defined as a type of behavior that includes sacrificing for team work and motivating other members of the team when needed. Organizational loyalty can be seen as a protection system for the interests of the organization as being loyal towards it, but there are not many experts who consider it to be a part of the O.C.B. Organizational Compliance is the compliance with the rules of the organizations and the procedures in general (Begum, Zehou Sarker, 2014). Individual initiative can be considered as a extra-role activity that involves getting engaged in the behavior s related to the tasks but it is not at all clear whether it is a type of OCB or not. Civic virtue helps identifying the individuals of an organization as a whole and protects the interests of the corporation in every aspect. Lastly, the self development is the sense that means developing the own self and in this way the employees contribute to the interests of their organization (Naeem, Malik Bano, 2014). There is another theory where altruism, courtesy, sportsmanship, conscientiousness and civil virtue are included under the dimensions of OCB. Dimensions of OCB Dimensions Variables Courtesy Helping coworkers when needed. Being ready to help others. Helping others being busy. Being cooperative towards new employees. Altruism Keeping the organization clean. Utilization of the resources of the organization. Attending the non compulsory meeting after work. Adhering to the organizational regulations. Understanding the problems of others. Releasing the stress of the coworkers. Sportsmanship Getting uniform results towards the organization. Showing responsible attitudes. Being friendly and lively towards the attitudes towards the corporation. Being updated with the performance of the workers. Utilizing the excess time by increasing knowledge. Following the companys procedure of working. Consciousness Appreciating constructive ideas of subordinate people. Helping other colleagues in critical situations. Acting proactively. Loyalty Being faithful towards the organization. A sense of belongingness Working more than the expectation of the organization. Civic virtue Team work is one of the most important aspects. Encouraging peersto follow the policies of the organization Extra role behavior Keeping the personal and professional issues differently. Remaining committed towards the company. Commitment Being committed towards the company. Figure Dimensions of OCB Source: as created by author Consequences of OCB Various OCB behaviors can have numerous consequence regarding the effectiveness of the organization, and for an example, it can be said that, helping others can surely improve the productivity and the moral of the workforce (Firouzi, Harati Shahraki, 2014). There is a constant need of expanding the knowledge regarding OCB by investigating how work performance gets influenced by OCB, whether there is a direct connection or indirect and whether its effects are immediate or takes time (Naeem, Malik Bano, 2014). Whenever the managers evaluate the performance of the workforce they engage OCB, but a question lies there and that is whether all the aspects of OCB are effective or not in certain situations (Azeem Akhtar, 2014). The workforce and the clients are the major 2 aspects of any kind of business organization and thus the job satisfaction of the workers can allow the organization to satisfy their clients and also to increase the profitability of the corporation. It can be said that the job satisfaction of the workforce within the workplace under a proper business environment to attain the targets of the company (Naeem, Malik Bano, 2014). Extrinsic and Intrinsic are the two major factors of OCB, and that allows the corporation to motivate their employees along with satisfying them in their current workplace. It has been seen that the motivation and satisfaction level of the workers are the chief terms of generating the uniform productivity of the organization. Experts opined that various dimensions of OCB are the most effective methodology of the satisfied individuals in their workplace, and thus it can surely be said that OCB is the main aspects of the employment and satisfying the employees in the ir workplace. To evaluate the effectiveness of OCB, a quantitative data analysis can be done for this particular paper (Yao Fan, 2015). A questionnaire can be provided to hundreds of employees in the various regions of the land and they were asked whether OCB is effective or not and in most cases the responses were positive. In this process realizing the importance of the dimensions or the effectiveness of the dimensions cannot be evaluated properly as evaluation of these complicated theories cannot be evaluated by the answers of some employees while interviewing them (Azeem Akhtar, 2014). OCB can be referred to as a set of discretionary behaviors of workplace that might exceed individuals basic requirements of job (Shaheen, Bukhari Adil, 2016). Various research works regarding OCB focused on the effects of OCB on the organizational and individual performance. Examples of these types of behaviors like understanding the cooperation with the co-workers, mentoring and performing extra duties regardless of delays and punctuality and compliant usage of organizational resources and sharing ideas and positively representing the company (Rajiani, 2013). Some experts said that altruism and general compliance grouped the OCB dimensions as non-visual and the virtual factors like sportsmanship and civic virtue. It is widely believed that citizenship behaviors within the organizations have three chief categories, such as: Organizational obedience, participation and loyalty (Azeem Akhtar, 2014). Recently, OCB has been conceptualized as likewise with the concept of contextual perfo rmance that can be defined as performance that can support the social along with the psychological environment in which the performance of task takes place. When this aspect reflects the lithe nature of the role of the workers within a modernized workplace, and also acknowledges the fact regarding the employees would get recognized and rewarded for getting engaged in OCB (Naeem, Malik Bano, 2014). The idiomatic understanding of OCB of above and beyond would help other individuals at workplace is an idea that is familiar to many people and these notions would continue to be a very popular method of conceptualizing OCB. Conclusion Thus to conclude, it can be said that, OCB is one of the most important aspects of business organization to get successful commercially. Business organizations require employees who would do certain things who would voluntarily do things which are not in their job description and the proofs highlights that these types of organizations who have employees like this surely climbs up the ladder of success sooner than any other organization. OCB have been conceptualized as a desirable set of behaviors in the society and numerous motives has to be present as the reason behind the employees showing OCB within their workplace. It is widely believed that OCB exhibits a Good Soldier Syndrome that is essential for a business organization to grow further. To summarize the paper it can be said that OCB is a type of discretionary behavior that is surely not a part of the job description of an employee, but it promotes the functioning of the organization effectively. To reach the targets of the com pany and to make the most out of the general workforce the management of the business organizations must understand the importance of the OCB within the workplace. References and bibliography Agarwal, S. (2016). Organizational Citizenship behavior: A Comparative Study Between Public and Private Sector Bank.International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences,4(5), 161-167. Azeem, S. M., Akhtar, N. (2014). PERSONAL ETHICS AND ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR AMONG DOCTORS IN THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA.International Journal of Academic Research,6(4). Azmi, F. T., Desai, K., Jayakrishnan, K. (2016). Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB): A comprehensive literature review.Sumedha Journal of Management,5(1), 102. Begum, S., Zehou, S., Sarker, M. A. H. (2014). Investigating the relationship between recruitment selection practice and OCB dimensions of commercial banks in China.International Journal of Academic Research in Management,3(2), 146-154. Firouzi, M., Harati, H., Shahraki, R. (2014). Probing the effect of Organisational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) on Social Capital (SC).International Journal of Advanced Research in Science and Technology,3(3), 136-139. Naeem, B., Malik, M. E., Bano, N. (2014). NURTURING ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOURS BY OPTIMISM SUBCULTURE: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan.Pakistan Economic and Social Review,52(2), 175. Qureshi, H. (2015).A Study of Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCB) and its Antecedents in an Indian Police Agency. University of Cincinnati. Rajiani, I. (2013). Promoting organizational citizenship behavior among employees-the role of leadership practices.International Journal of Business and Management;,8(6), 47-54. Shaheen, S., Bukhari, I., Adil, A. (2016). Moderating role of psychological capital between perceived organizational support and organizational citizenship behavior and its dimensions.International Journal of Research Studies in Psychology,5, 41-50. Tambe, S. (2014). A study of organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) and its dimensions: a literature review. Yao, J., Fan, L. (2015). The Performance of Knowledge Workers Based on Behavioral Perspective.Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies,3(01), 21.

Keith Urban Defying Gravity free essay sample

Keith Urban is at an amazing place in his life right now. He puts on amazing shows that make you feel like you’re in the front row no matter where you are seated. In his personal life he has a beautiful wife, Nicole Kidman an a daughter who is just shy of her 1st birthday. He has also had an amazing music career which each album Keith has never let his fans down and he defiantly has please fans beyond what they thought was possible with his latest album, Defying Gravity. The album continues his amazing career with amazing music! The opening song â€Å"Kiss A Girl† is a great song to introduce you to the album. Continuing on listening to the album you will experience a great uplifting. Each and every song are fun to sing along to and get up and just dance! When you listen to it you will forget all your worries and issues and live in the moment with Keith. We will write a custom essay sample on Keith Urban: Defying Gravity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A lot has happened in Keith life since his last album back in 2006. Keith is that kind of artist/ song writer that writes about what he’s going through and that’s no different with the album even though it’s a little harder to tell. The album is fun of very uplifting love songs from the fun to sing along to song, â€Å"If Ever I Could Love† to the beautiful ballad at the end, â€Å"Thank You† which is a note to his wife and how if it wasn’t for her he wouldn’t be where he is today. â€Å"Thank You† has that little something special about it that makes it really hard to forget and will make you want to listen to it over and over again. A fan favorite, and one of my personal favorites, is the remake of Rodney Foster’s, â€Å"I’m In†, will have you singing along after the 1st listen. Each and every person who listens to this album will be hooked right away. Overall an absolutely amazing album from Keith. It is my favorite yet from this amazing artist who has yet to let his fans down and probably never will either!

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The Expectations Augmented Phillips Curve Essay History has developed into two aspects, before and after the era of 1975, with a broad unanimity about the development of pre-1975, which is well apprehend (understood). Bifurcation starts in 1975, when the Philips curve break down into two fork (branches) of the road with having a little interaction between two branches or forks. As we look towards the major contribution of the paper, by the source of bifurcation (divide it into branches) in order to examine the contributions of the forks that occur post 1975. The pre history of the Philips curve before 1975 is straightforward and clear in its manner. Philips initially discover the history of existing negative relationship between inflation and unemployment named as Philips curve, that was afterward popularized by Samuelson and Solow, and then followed by the period when the policy maker were supposing to feat the trade-off between them in order to reduce the unemployment on the cost of increasing inflation. For that development of Friedman, Phelps and lucas conquered the policy feat trade-off in favor of long run monetary impartiality. When Sargent explained the failure of their tests of impartiality, made refusal on the implemented econometric version of Philips curve in the 1960s wound, and finally they were condemned to the destroyed twist of the negative correlation between the unemployment and inflation in the era of 1960s converted to the positive in 1970s by the lucas and Sargent. The impartial architect and the adversary of Keynesian trade-off emerged victory with having major caveats of that concerned model were unconvincing as well as their price surprises all were conducting many mistakes without any supporting evidences. Literature of Philips curve split in two dimensions after 1975 (the era of evolution of PC), when everyone failed to recognize the contribution of others. The other section reviews the consistent, energetic and dynamic aggregate demand and supply framework that come into front in late 1970s in theoretical contribution and in textbooks of macro economics. This approach is determined, because the inflation rate is dominated by the perseverant in form of different long lags as compared to past inflation rate. In the main stream approach the major important difference is that the post inflation rate is unlimited to form the expectations, but also involves the perseverant effect due to the wage and price the contracts of fixed-duration, also the lags of unripe material and final goods prices. Due to the demand and supply shocks inflation dislodged from its past sluggish values. This approach of econometric implementations sometime called triangle because it showing the three cornered supply, demand and inertia. As the results of supply shocks, the approach describes the inflation and unemployment peaks in the era of 1970s and early 1980s, that provides the proportional analysis of valley of low unemployment and inflation in late 1990s. It may emphasize that unemployment and inflation can either be negatively and positively correlated and also depending on the supply shocks and responses. During the era of early and mid 1960, the three phases of Philips curve developed e following results. Firstly, the Philips curve provide the policy maker with a menu of different options. Secondly, the policy advisors of the Kennedy and Johnson government, that led by Walter Heller having support from Robert Solow and James Tobin, they made discussion that the previous Republican government (administration) had chosen a point too far south east along with the Philips curve trade-off, that time considered precious because of getting the country move again from south east to north-west. President Kennedy got some sort of recommendations from Hellers group relevant to the major cuts in federal income taxes and these were implemented by the Johnson government in two phases of 1964 and 1965 after the death of president. Samuelson and Solow had calculated the unemployment rate in the late 1963 that was 5.5% and compatible along zero inflation, so it was suitable to implement the expansion ary fiscal policy of Kennedy-Johnson that accelerate the inflation even without loosening the floodlight fiscal trend due to the war of Vietnam. We refer to examine the period of 1960 to 1971by taking the quarterly data of US inflation and unemployment and then return to the same picture of evolution of Philips curve debate started in the post 1971 about the inflation and unemployment. Third aspect was the rate of unemployment fall below 5.5% in 1964 and remained below 4% in between 1966 to 1970. The ups and down in inflation remained compatible in econometric model with having the natural unemployment rate (consistent with steady inflation rather than the zero inflation) in the range of 5.5% 6.0%. Another aspect of that period was the invention of mainframe (the super electronic computer). For the first time, the computer made it practical to estimate the large scale econometric models contained in (Formm and Tauban 1968). These model consisted of two equations. The main explanatory variable in that equation of incorporated Philips curve was the unemployment rate, sometimes the rate of change of unemployment rate, some variables measure the expected inflation of sets of lags and on tax rates. In the equation of price level to the wage level the estimated change of wage was typically translated into the inflation rate and adjusted for the productive tendency, the so called unit labor cost tendency. Demand was intensively measured and responds by the price-labor cost ratio. The price-labour cost ratio or mark-up was allowed to respond to a measure of demand, this particular situation related to the productive market not to the unemployment rate, such as the ratio similar to the unfilled shipment orders. The inflation rate depend on the rate of change of unemployment in the reduce form of this approach where it measure the demand as well as different lags of inflation. With dealing the challenge of Friedman-Phelps natural rate hypothesis, a problem encountered showing the conflict in the data taken in the late 1960s. Although, the pertaining competition, the feature was devoted among the different departments of economics working at the University of Chicago, dealings happening in between Milton Friedman and Franco Modigliani. A debate occurred between them in 965 by their co-authors over the issue that only monetary policy mattered or only fiscal policy mattered and debated seemed fantastic when the results were based on IS-LM model showed that both the fiscal and monetary policy mattered in estimation of PC by excluding some extreme cases. The presidential address of Friedman (1968) comprised of two sections that had a main point which was closely correlated.   First, it signified the faster inflation due to showing the inefficiency in control of nominal interest rate by the central bank and it adds fuel toward the inflation fire in the economy. Second, it showed the importance of Philips curve debate and derived conclusion by said that the policy makers had no ability to select any other unemployment rate rather than the natural rate of unemployment and excluded from the macroeconomic structure of the product and the labor market. Another more desirable and suitable interpretation about the natural rate of unemployment was given that showed the compatibility with accurate inflation rate which comprised the slow and steady inflation rate. Analysis which was not neutral based on the policy trade off had ignored the expectations that used for adjustment purposes. By consider an economy proceeding at the natural rate of unemployment and also based on the 1% inflation rate was precisely prevented.   By pushing the unemployment rate below the natural unemployment rate can tend the economy towards the north east of the short run Philips curve and the consequences appeared in form of increasing the actual inflation rate. But if the agents noticed that the inflation rate become higher as compared to the initial anticipated inflation rate of 1%, the inflation expectations become higher and it shift the short run Philips curve higher. And the process will continue unless and until the rate of unemployment reached at the natural rate of unemployment. So, the Friedmans timing to address becomes weird and impeccable. According to the verbal predictions of the model given by Friedman, The fiscal expansion of Kennedy-Johnson that included both the spending on Vietnam War and tax cuts that also accompanied by the monetary accommodations had not only push the rate of unemployment down to 3.5% from 5.5% but in each year in between 1963 to 1969 the rate of inflation become swift. The large sca le econometricians who had estimated the unemployment rate of 4% and also forecasted the inflation rate become perplex that how the acceleration of inflation had been exceeded from year to year. Defamers of Friedman attacked on the verbal model given by him and used to motivate the natural rate, when the econometricians become well aware of their failures regarding to forecast the acceleration of inflation in late 1960s and in later the model become fooling model. According to the employers expectations related to price level a thought given by Friedman that are always accurate but the employees remained dissatisfied of the expected prices that does not respond to the actual price level. When the business expand, the prices raises more than the ratio of wages, so the need is to provide the incentives to the employees in order to bridge up the gap of lower real wages, as they remained fail to fulfilled their expectations to adjust the prices.   Friedmans verbally assumed model become implausible, as the workers had complete access of the Consumer price index and were well known about the actual prices prevailing in the market. There could no business cycle in the world of Friedman. The credit of co-discovering the natural hypothesis was given to Phelps (1967, 1968). In juxtaposition, the Friedman distinction was in between dumb workers and smart firms, but in Phelpss world everyone is dumb considered equally fooled. The general price level rises in the rest of economy as both the workers and the firm seems the price rises in the industry and the consequence was to increase the production level. So the Phelps developed a model in which employees treated separate from the information of the economy. The workers quit regularly from one firm to another firm in order to get the high wages and the unemployment become frictional. But the workers does not quit as the same firms offered them the high wages. Without their knowledge t he unemployment rate became low, and at the same time all the firms raised the wages by the same proportion of the money. The macroeconomic data registered a decline in the unemployment as the employees became fooled of declining the frictional unemployment rate. Hence there prevail a correlation in between the rate of unemployment and wage rate, but due to this situation the expectations are incorrect. The criticism directed to the Friedman verbal fooling model as well as applied to Phelps model, whether the firms or employees became fooled or both of them treated in the same direction. But the workers and the employees got information of consumer price index on monthly basis and buy different goods and services smoothly. So the consequences appeared by said that, if the countrys GDP is very high and the unemployment rate become low then the aggregate prices goes up, so the workers and firm can learn many more from the past expectations and can use their experience In the proper wa y. The Origins of the Phillips Curve Alban Philips was the first name of Philips curve which is afterward known as Philips curve, when an econometric survey was conducted in United Kingdom in the era of 1861 to 1957 in order to examine the behavior of money wage and unemployment. To justify this behavior Philips did not had any macroeconomic model, then by took help from theoretical thought he made a statistical model. Philips argued that when few are unemployed and the demand for labor is very high we should expect from employers to bid the wage rates up rapidly (Philips, 1958, p: 283). So according to him, the wages can be increased with having a low unemployment rate. And the other aspect was, there prevail a highly non linear relationship, as the workers will not accept the low wages when there prevail a high unemployment rate in the economy, so the wages fall slowly. Two other factors are also state by Philips named as the rate of change in the retail prices and the business cycle (Philips 1958, p:283). To find the evidences, that the negative relationship exists in the wage rate and unemployment, Philips enquire into three period separately from 1861 to 1913, 1913 to 1948 and 1948 to 1957 respectively (Philips, 1958, p:299). No worth was given to this because in 1926, Irving Fisher has already been found this relationship (Fisher 1973). While after in 1960, this work was named as Philips curve1, when Samuelson and Solow repeated the work of Philips in United States (Samuelson and Solow, 1960). In 1960 this article the Philips curve became very much important and central for any of the macroeconomic discussion, thinking and policy. 2.2 Expectations-Augmented Phillips Curve The Phillips curve broke down in its original form after the 1960s. And the expected augmented Philips curve was the new form of Philips curve. First to find out why the original relationship broke down, the analysis of original framework of Philips curve is important. As we facing a high inflation rate now a days. We became used to of this situation, as the prices become high day by day, the wages increases and we face inflation. In the statistical terms the price follows a random tendency. In the last year USA faced negative inflation, Austria faced it in 1955 and for the last time in 1953 when the inflation was negative (Blanchard, 2006). Inflation was sometimes negative and followed by a white noise before the World War 1, when the gold standard was still inefficient (Mankin and Reis, 2002). So the Philips curve discovered negative relation and the analysis was done for the white noise inflation period. In that period when the household expected no inflation or zero inflation in the economy, the wage-price spiral as discussed in the Philipss article, as follows: As the low unemployment directs the firms to increase the wages The increased wages leads to higher prices And the higher prices will direct the workers to demand higher wages So the low unemployment leads inflation in the above framework. In 1970s this form of model broke down in USA due to its failure to incorporate the economic behavior of the human being in the right and correct way. In 1970s there were two important things that provided a clear proof of this fact. First, this model was called the Philips schedule but later on this model and the whole article switched up to Philips curve. On the other hand the world was already faced two oil shocks and inflation considered as the permanent phenomenon, people has been expecting inflation in order to bid up their wages (Blanchard, 2006).To make it able an analysis about influences conducted to include the price shocks and expectations in the model. There are three components of Philips curve are as follow: Demand Pull inflation: If the inflation is below its structural rate of 3% the inflation is called demand pull inflation that tend to increase due to the aggregate demand. Cost-pushh inflation: This inflation refers to the supply shocks. Low supply directs the firm to increase the prices, so this causes higher inflation. Expectations: People expect more about inflation and when the prices rise they bid up the wages. So, it can be said as there exists the negative relationship in between cyclical unemployment and unanticipated money wage. No doubt, many economists agreed upon that the classical quantity theory of money is inconsistence with the stable long run Philips curve that shows the trade-off between the inflation and unemployment. In the quantity theory of money, money stock changes can only affect the nominal variables and the price while the impact became nil in real variables. By Juxtaposition, Philips curve explained that the money growth rate can raise the level of output and increase employment. Now the question arises how could the economists frequently cleave two opposite views? According to the great eighteenth century economists of Scott land and the philosopher, the question centralized to the disputation over the contributions of David Hume (1711-1776). For example, Thomas Mayer argued that, the David assuredly rejected the trade-off between the inflation and unemployment because it is incompatible with quantity theory of money.   According to the Mayer, as the quantity theory of money is central for the David Hume likewise the Philips curve trade-off is also central to the Davids economics because if this trade-off exists in the economy, it also affect the quantity theory of money as well and the consequences are in form of prices that do not increases in quantity theory of money. Similarly, Frenkel quotes Davids creed in the neutrality of quantity theory as (the money stock can only affect the nominal variables) as an proof of Davids rejection of the Philips curve. Frenkel says, there is an evidence that David Hume did not trust in the long run Philips curve Trade-off, the overpowering inclination of Humes and the important feature of monetary theory had been the assertion objective of the money neutrality which states, the monetary policy perform no longer pressure on the real variables. Mayer and Frenkel, no doubt, admitted that during the transitional period, money wages can affect the inflation, output a nd unemployment. But if there is no long run Philips curve trade-off, it can only affect the temporary real effects that can vanish while after.   According to the Charles Nelson controversy, who claims that the David Hume is in need to show trust in the long run Philips curve trade-off as it is unique in its functions. Nelson says, the money stock in quantity theory can raise the output, wages, prices and employment permanently. Therefore, David Hume was believed in the long run Philips curve. The purpose of this discussion is to show and remove the controversy to the content of Mayer and Frenkle and the Hume did believe in the quantity theory of money and the long run Philips curve trade-off as well. The purpose of this study is to correct the both phenomenon which are partially mistaken and contrary to Mayer and Frenkle, and David Hume should trust in stable long run Philips curve with contrary to the suggestions given by Nelson, that Hume was not alone to accept this stable Philips curve but Henry Thornton was also joined with him (1760 to 1815), perhaps the primary fiscal theorist of the nineteenth century at British tradi tional school; and eventually, that neither Hume nor Thornton compete that the real possessions of a steady, unrelenting rate of money growth were controlled to a concise execution period but idea of those possessions could persist for an imprecise phase. More precisely, the article shows that both Thornton and Hume notorious among levels and rates of conversion of the money hoard, that they held the preceding work to be unbiased and the later partial with deference to definite fiscal variables, and that this variation resolve their conviction in both the long run Philips curve and the quantity theory of money. Moreover the article shows that, even if both Thornton and Hume thought in the continuation of a steady long-run Phillips curve, they varied concerning the attraction of utilizing that association for policy purposes, Hume errand and Thornton disparate such a policy.   The vision of Hume and Thornton are imperative not just as they show that at least two foremost classical quantity theorists accepted the Philips curve, but as well as they demonstrate how divergent policy prescription can obtain from the similar fundamental theoretical framework. According to Hume, the long run trade-off, though, the same is not accurate of a stable sequence of such fiscal increase. He deliberate such increase would, if preserve over a permanent sequence of intermediary modification period, apply stable real effects. That is, he emphasized the actual consequence of a unrelenting fiscal extension, thus timely Adam Smiths aside that Mr. Humes analysis is remarkably inventive. He look, though, to have left a modest into the concept that community luxury consists in wealth. (9; p. 197 quoted in 7; p. 136) absolutely bigheaded that prospect of future inflation would always remain nil and then would never go into price and wage demands, Hume asserted that a repeatedly inc reasing money stock would ever more protest in front of prices and wage, always annoying their 1 Humes oversight of inflationary prospect could be clarified on at least three basis.   First, he was unfolding a world clanging inflation rate relatively low (1-3 % per year on average) through recent principles, perchance insufficient to achieve the least observation entrance requisite for the creation of inflation prospect. Second, specified a clanging fiscal standard, one could disagree on prosperity basis that the anticipated long term inflation rate is nil. The basis, certainly, is that if the reserve of fiscal metal were primarily growing at an inflationary velocity so as to lift the metal price of goods as well as labor. The consequential drop in the purchasing power of metal mutual with the increasing labor cost of drawing out it would persuade mine owners to restrain clanging production to non inflationary stage. Furthermore, the inflationary over production of gold would, through lower its worth comparative to further goods, provide the later supplementary gainful to fabricate than gold, thus repeatedly scrutinize the over production of gold. Emphasize this p rice stabilize production effect would be a move in the demand for gold from monetary to non monetary uses as golds value as money declines. Third, the discovery of gold and silver mines in the New World could be observed as random, casual events having an expected value of approximately zero. For these reasons, Humes understandable that either the monetary change is relatively positive or negative. That real wage rate is as harmful to industry, when silver and gold are retreating, as it is beneficial when these metals are rising. particularly, in the devaluation case of pessimistic money growth, The laborer has not at the same employment from the producer and merchant although he pays the same price for all things in the marketplace. The farmer cannot organize of his corn and livestock; while he has to pay the similar rent to his landowner. The poverty as well as beggary, and sluggishness, which must follow are simply anticipated. [3; p. 40]   Here is Humes strain on the actual consequence and inconsequentiality correspondingly, of rates of change vs. unlimited quantity of money. This stress is also obvious in the subsequent way, in which he terminates that it is of no substance of result, with considering to the household pleasure of a state, whether money is in lesser or in larger quantity. The good and efficient policy of the magistrate based only on its maintenance. If likely, still rising as by those resources, he maintains lively strength of tat manufacturing unit in the state, and enlarge the reserve of labor, in which consists all actual authority and riches. About this course, Blaug observes that Humes demand for a frequent inflow of valuable metals quantity to a demand for a unremitting sequence of intermediary phases through which inflationary money growth constantly and everlastingly motivate trade. [1; p. 20] Here is Humes observance to the long run Philips curve. Here also is his settlement of that perception with his quantity theory. There is no argument between the two theories, his deliberation, since the one refers to rates of modify and the other to substitute levels of the money stock. Phillipss inference In the 1950s, Alban William Hoosegow Phillips tried to determine the neoclassical anomaly [68-73]. Phillips, who had degree in electrical engineering (1938) and sociology with economics (LSE, B. A., 1949) [10], was viewing how to erect a water flow model as a similarity of the neoclassical income expenditure model. The final replica frequently was symbolized in arithmetical terms, but some economic students had complexity with mathematics. Both these two models (hydraulic and income expenditure model could be explained by the way of discrepancy calculus. The hydraulic machine, though, was evident and understandable to students. The machine, explained in Phillipss Ph.D. thesis, provoked his selection as assistant lecturer at the LSE in 1950. In explanation of the machine, Phillips alert on modifying following a disorder of equilibrium, which be conventional to Hicks modern trade cycle theory. In addition, Phillips used engineering systems expressions to the blocked loop systems, fabrication faults, positive and negative feedback, adjustment factor, habitual parameter are organized.   The economics of all this come up to from the neoclassical IS-LM model. Phillips precise the equations of the income expenditure relation or savings investment characteristics with investment depends on the interest rate and the accelerator, record modification, and liquidity preference. The labor supply based on the money wage rate, the usual Keynesian formulation. Later than, the Marshallian neoclassicist A. C. Pigou assault the fix-wage conference [74]. According to Pigou, there was a distinguished compassion in money wages-even if monopolist unit made this slow and only partly followed by a fall in real wages- because the drop in nominal values could have a actual balance effect on savings, which would direct to a increase in investment. Also, neoclassical Keynesians renowned that a decrease in nominal values, when liquidity preferences were not considerably flexible, would cause a decrease in the money rate of interest (the LM curve shifting right) and a rise in investment [43, 200]. Moreover, there exists exclusive equilibrium in the economy having full employment. In 1954, Phillips, possibly owing to his inter penalizing exercise provoke to smash from the conference of the neoclassical fusion. He depicts a association among the level of production and the rate of change of factor prices.   The merchandise price relatively than the money wage level emerges on the vertical axis since, given constant yield, there was a conversational relation among relative money wage and price changes. The economy was stable, defined by a steady price level. On the other hand there would be disequilibrium in the economy, if the firm slips up to produce the quantity relative to equilibrium demand. Changing price would receive effect, pretty like the Samuelson-Hansen linear model so as to, the rate of transformation of product prices (P) was relative to the difference of real production from the level of equilibrium. (The slighter the production error, the improved the linear equation would near to his nonlinear curve suggesting higher money wage stiffness in the unemployment range) [69, 308]. Afterward the price change moreover distorted the interest rate in the same or factual balances in the reverse course. To raise the speed of error correction, a monetary policy foundation on the mora lity of habitual modifiable systems would be sufficient [69, 315]. The original Phillips curve, like a courageous inference that begin development of a theoretical model in arithmetic or the physical sciences, was inwards at by deductive conjecture stated in green, a theoretical terms [48]; what neoclassical lane between micro and macro-economic it assured to free. Prior to that could happen, though, the Phillips supposition required systematic testing and theoretical proof. Pragmatic scrutiny When Phillips draft the 1954 curve which showed that money wage rate modification in deflation and inflation was irregular; he was annoying to integrate an old, admired observation into a hypothetical configuration. Phillips furnished an example of this examination.   When labor demand is lofty and very fewer are unemployed, we should anticipate employers bid wage rate fairly swift. On the other aspect, it emerge that workers are unwilling to offer their services at lower than the existing rates when the labor demand is low high unemployment faced by economy, so that wages become low very slowly. Inevitable, Phillipss study on a pragmatic model objectifying this trendy observation had its example [5]. The adjoining research was by Professor Arthur J. Brown [88]. Phillips and Brown mutually deliberate the history of wage transformation, using the same traditional data basis and pleasing the pre-World War I period as a foundation. Both researchers had the similar figures (that is the annual rate of adjust of money wage rates and unemployment percentages) confirmation on arithmetic flee diagrams casing the pre-World War I, interwar and post-World War II periods. They distinct the similar relationship between merchandise price and changes of money wag e rates. Both supposed a contrary relationship between unemployment and inflation inside each pre-World War I cycle. However, unlike Phillips, Brown stressed that the accurate inflation-unemployment relation diverse obviously from cycle to cycle. Furthermore, Brown supposed that cost transforms distinct to the plane of aggregate demand were the foremost reason of inflation during the post-World War I and II periods.   Browns immense inflation thus advocated policies of reducing cost [13]. In distinction, Phillips accomplished that there had been a steady century long, contrary relation among the rate of change of money wage and unemployment, and affirmed that the price plane would be steady if unemployment were reserved. The same research by two researchers escorted to inconsistent conclusions a general experience in the narration of science in which each experimenter inferred the pragmatic data according to his own preceding, hypothetical perception. Moreover, the consequences had instant policy proposition. In the mid-1950s, there was a animated arguments among demand-pull and cost-push bloc regarding the grounds of inflation and the policies implemented against inflation. Brown, a cost-push Keynesian, and numerous classmates of Phillips responsive of his continuing research energetically contributed in this [47]. Phillipss 1958 article really encouraged the demand-pull case. To sustain their de viating policies, Brown and Phillips keen to the similar facts, annual wage rate transforms and unemployment percents. But such essentials as recent methodologists have strained, were not specified but created. Phillips really sincerely condemns the data, which were very insufficient for the foundation period as the key sources were the records of trade unification to which few employees belong. Moreover, union wage records were of regular, not valuable rates.   Furthermore, Phillipss dealing of the data was mocked by economists at the Keynesian National Institute of Economics and Social Research (NIESR) [76]8 and Oxford Institute [45] because (1) Phillips exercise fixed weight wage and unemployment catalogs substituted of wage slanted indexes which permitted for transformation in numbers engaged by industry, (2) the unemployment and the wage sample did not comprise the same industries, and (3) the unemployment and wage sequence were not coordinated. By the era of 1960, statisticians had enhanced Phillipss scatter diagram. However they stress that the premature data could not sustain a particular statistical relation between wage inflation and unemployment. But Brown had not yet seen a broad relation. And the question was who had Phillips? Phillips simplifies the scatter diagram by pertaining a re

Computers in the Classroom :: Technology School Essays

Computers in the Classroom Over the past decade the world has moved from a place with little digital technology to one where computers, video, and technology are used everyday. The use of this technology can not be ignored even in the classroom. It is impossible to live in o9ur world today without exposure to computers. As teachers it is part of our jobs to expose students to using computers at an early age and to incorporate technology into our lessons. During the middle school years using computers are a great way to get students excited about learning. It has even become mandatory as one of the NCTM (National Council for Teachers of Mathematics) standards. The technology principle states that technology helps students to fully understand mathematical concepts (Principles 25). They are great tools for any type of learner. The hands on experience helps the students to remember the concepts because they have something visual to reference (impact). The NCTM standards states, â€Å"Technology is essential in teaching and learning mathematics; it influences the mathematics that is taught and enhances students' learning† (Principles 25). As suggested, technology should not replace the traditional teaching strategies, but rather enhance them (impact). Many of the students know how to use the computers for fun things such as talking to their friends, playing games, and surfing the internet. However, few students know that computers can be used for educational things both inside and outside of the classroom. In math there are many ways to use computers in the classroom. One way to use computers in the classroom is by using online math games and manipulatives to help teach and review. In the class I am working with at Dunn Middle school they use games to help reinforce the lesson and to review for a test. During one review session before a test the students got into three groups one at each computer. They then logged onto the computers and played a fractions game. The students competed against each other for the most correct answers. All of the students were involved and enjoyed a break from the everyday instruction.